Microbial Genetics Laboratory / Niki Group

Condensin is the major driving force in the segregation of daughter chromosomes in prokaryotes. Core subunits of condensin belong to the SMC protein family, whose members are characterized by a unique ATPase activity and dimers with a V-shaped structure. The V-shaped dimers might close between head domains, forming a ring structure that can encircle DNA. Indeed, cohesin, which is a subfamily of SMC proteins, encircles double-stranded DNA to hold sister chromatids in eukaryotes. However, the question of whether or not condensin encircles the chromosomal DNA remains highly controversial. Here we report that MukB binds topologically to DNA in vitro, and this binding is preferentially single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) rather than double-stranded DNA. The binding of MukB to ssDNA does not require ATP. In fact, thermal energy enhances the binding. The non-SMC subunits MukF and MukE did stimulate the topological binding of MukB, although they hindered DNA-binding of MukB. Recent reports on the distribution of condensin in genomes reveal that actively transcribed genes in yeast and humans are enriched in condensin. In consideration of all these results, we propose that the binding specificity of condensin to chromosome is provided not by the DNA sequence but by the DNA structure, which is ssDNA.

A model of topological binding of MukB in E. coli cells.
We hypothesize that the arms of MukB dimers are flexible and change between the open form or closed form depending on the thermal fluctuation. Occasionally the open form captures DNA, and then changes into the closed form. After the MukB dimer captures ssDNA, the closed form would become static because a part of the inner interface of a MukB globular domain interacts with ssDNA. Thus MukB would keep the captured DNA steady inside the ring of the dimer. Further, the MukB-DNA complex might be strengthened by MukEF, and then each of the MukBEF-DNA complexes would be assembled to compact chromosomal DNA. We infer that ATP hydrolysis is required for dissociation of the MukBEF-DNA complex from the assembled complexes.

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Pyrrole–Imidazole (PI) polyamides bind to specific DNA sequences in the minor groove with high affinity. Specific DNA labeling by PI polyamides does not require DNA denaturation with harsh treatments of heat and formamide and has the advantages of rapid and less disruptive processing. Previously, we developed tandem hairpin PI polyamide probes (TH59 series), which label telomeres in cultured cell lines more efficiently than conventional methods, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Here, we demonstrate that a TH59 derivative, HPTH59-b, along with immunostaining for specifying cell types in the tissues, visualizes telomeres in mouse and human tissue sections. Quantitative measurements of telomere length with single-cell resolution suggested shorter telomeres in the proliferating cell fractions of tumor than in non-tumor tissues. Thus, PI polyamides are a promising alternative for telomere labeling in clinical research, as well as in cell biology.

Figure1. A structural model of HPTH59-b binding to DNA.

Figure2. Different telomere lengths between human tumor and non-tumor tissue sections. (A) Frozen sections of esophageal tumor/non-tumor tissue stained with DAPI (blue), anti-Ki-67 (growth marker; green) antibody, and HPTH59-b (red). Distribution histograms of telomere signal intensities in tumor and non-tumor tissue sections.

New assistant professor joins NIG as of July 1, 2016.

Daisuke TAKAO: Division of Centrosome Biology, Kitagawa Group